01. 列表推导式（List Comprehension）

squares=[x**2 for x in range(10)]
print(squares)

02. enumerate 的妙用

for i, value in enumerate(['a', 'b', 'c']):
    print(i, value)

03. zip 同步遍历多个列表

names=['Tom','Jerry']   
ages=[20, 25]   
for name, age in zip(names, ages):   
    print(name, age)   

04. 字典的 get 方法

person= {'name':'Alice', 'age':30}
print(person.get('age'))

05. lambda 匿名函数

add=lambda x, y: x+y
print(add(3, 5))

06. 装饰器（Decorator）

def decorator(func):
    def wrapper():
        print("Before")
        func()
        print("After")
    return wrapper

@decorator
def say_hello():
    print("Hello")

say_hello()

07. *args 和 **kwargs

def demo(*args, **kwargs):
    print(args)
    print(kwargs)

08. 切片（Slicing）

a=[1,2,3,4,5] 
print(a[1:4])  # [2, 3, 4] 
print(a[::-1]) # [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

09. 列表/集合/字典推导式

squared={x: x**2 for x in range(5)}
unique={x for x in 'hello'}
print(squared)
print(unique)

10. Python 中的 is 与 == 区别

a = [1, 2]
b = [1, 2]
print(a==b)  # True
print(a is b)  # False

11. with 上下文管理器

with open('file.txt', 'r') as f:
    content=f.read()

12. try/except 异常处理

try:
    1/0
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
    print("错误:", e)

14. 类属性与实例属性的区别

class Demo:
    class_var=0
    def __init__(self):
        self.instance_var=1
demo = Demo()
print(demo.class_var)
print(demo.instance_var)

class MyClass:
    def __init__(self, attribute):
        self.attribute = attribute
 
    def method(self):
        print(f"The attribute is: {self.attribute}")
 
# 创建MyClass的实例
obj = MyClass("Hello, World!")
 
# 访问属性并调用方法
print(obj.attribute)  # 输出: Hello, World!
obj.method()  # 输出: The attribute is: Hello, World!

15. Pythonic 的代码风格

• 海象运算符walrus operator：可以在赋值的同时返回变量的值

data = '12345678901234'
if (n := len(data)) > 10: print(f"数据量过大:{n}")

• 函数式思维：利用map和filter组合来处理数据。

data = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
# 传统方式
results = []
for x in data:
    if x % 2 == 0:
        results.append(x*2)
print(results)

# Pythonic  
results = list(map(lambda x: x*2, filter(lambda x: x%2==0, data)))
print(results)

• 部分参数冻结：使用functools.partial来预配置函数参数。

from functools import partial
# 创建预配置函数
record_log = partial(print, "[DEBUG]", flush=True)
record_log("Connection established")

• 交换变量值&链式比较

# 传统方式
temp = a
a = b
b = temp

# Pythonic
a, b = b, a

# 普通写法
if 0 < x and x < 100:

# Pythonic
if 0 < x < 100:

• 字典合并(3.9+)

# 旧方法
merged = {**dict1, **dict2}

# Pythonic 3.9+
merged = dict1 | dict2